Answers:
Yes, for the most part these days, with most modern languages and scripts being used today e.g. C++, C#, Java, etc.
Nope, because C is itself a 3rd or 4th or 5th generation language, depending on when you start counting and what you consider a generation. Even in the 60s they were into 2nd generation languages like FORTRAN, BASIC, COBOL and others.
Yes, C is the backbone of many languages that have emerged since its development. For some it was the start of a new generation of languages.
Assembly language or Machine code is the backbone of all computer languages.
Machine manufacturiers never decided on a common set of commands until Intel started on its campain of world domination with Micro Borg (sorry Soft) Their command set became the defacto standard there were a few hold outs (motorola for one) that stuck with their command set until they found that resistance was futile.
Some of the scripting type languages may have been created in C or one of its derivitives
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